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Geophysics

Geophysics, a major discipline of the Earth sciences and a subdiscipline of physics, is the study of the whole Earth by the quantitative observation of its physical properties. Geophysical data are used in academics to observe tectonic plate motions, study the internal structure of the Earth, supplement data provided by geologic maps, and to nondestructively observe shallow deposits. In industries, geophysical data are used to analyze potential petroleum reservoirs and mineral deposits, to locate groundwater, and in work on environmental remediation. The theories and techniques of geophysics are employed extensively in the planetary sciences in general.

Fields and related disciplines

Fields

Geodesy, measurement of the Earth: GPS, vertical and horizontal motions of the Earths surface, navigation, the study of the Earths gravitational field, and the size and form of the Earth

The study of large-scale motions of the Earths surface and interior, including

Tectonophysics, the study of the physical processes that cause and result from plate tectonics

Geodynamics, the study of modes of transport deformation within the Earth: rock deformation, mantle flow and convection, heat flow, lithosphere dynamics

Seismology, the study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth

Most of our knowledge of the Structure of the Earth is derived from seismology

Shallow seismology is used in exploration geophysics (to find oil and gas) and for environmental characterization of the subsurface

Geomagnetism, the study of the Earths magnetic field, including its origin, telluric currents driven by the magnetic field, the Van Allen belts, and the interaction between the magnetosphere and the solar wind

Geophysical surveying:

Exploration and engineering geophysics, using surface methods to detect or infer the presence and position of concentrations of ore minerals and hydrocarbons

Archaeological geophysics, for archaeological imaging or mapping

Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, for locating underground storage tanks (USTs) or utilities, delineating landfills, locating voids or potential subsidence, finding depth to, P-wave or S-wave velocity of, or rippability of bedrock, or the pathway of groundwater movement

Related Disciplines

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