خریدار گرامی شما میتوانید فایل (Psychiatry) را ویرایش کنید.

Psychiatry - word (..doc) - دانلود,مقاله,Psychiatry,دانلود

قسمتی از متن :

2

Psychiatry

The word psyche comes from the ancient Greek for soul or butterfly.[1] The fluttering insect appears in the coat of arms of Britains Royal College of Psychiatrists[2]

Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities. The term was first coined by the German physician Johann Christian Reil in 1808, and literally means the medical treatment of the mind (psych-: mind; from Ancient Greek psykhē: soul; -iatry: medical treatment; from Gk. iātrikos: medical, iāsthai: to heal). A medical doctor specializing in psychiatry is a psychiatrist.

Psychiatric assessment typically starts with a mental status examination and the compilation of a case history. Psychological tests and physical examinations may be conducted, including on occasion the use of neuroimaging or other neurophysiological techniques. Mental disorders are diagnosed in accordance with criteria listed in diagnostic manuals such as the widely used Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), edited and used by the World Health Organization. The fifth edition of the DSM (DSM-5) is scheduled to be published in 2013, and its development is suspected to be of significant interest to many medical fields.[3]

Psychiatric treatment applies a variety of modalities, including psychoactive medication, psychotherapy and a wide range of other techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation. Treatment may be delivered on an inpatient or outpatient basis, depending on the severity of functional impairment or on other aspects of the disorder in question. Research and treatment within psychiatry as a whole are conducted on an interdisciplinary basis, sourcing an array of sub-specialties and theoretical approaches.

History

Ancient

Although one may trace its germination to the late eighteenth century, the beginning of psychiatry as a medical specialty is dated to the middle of the nineteenth century.[4]Starting in the 5th century BCE, mental disorders, especially those with psychotic traits, were considered supernatural in origin.[5] This view existed throughout ancient Greece and Rome.[5] Early manuals about mental disorders were created by the Greeks.

2

[4] In the 4th century BCE, Hippocrates theorized that physiological abnormalities may be the root of mental disorders.[5][5] Religious leaders often turned to versions of exorcism to treat mental disorders often utilizing cruel and barbarous methods.[5]

Middle Ages

Main article: Islamic psychology

Specialist hospitals were built in Baghdad in 705 AD, followed by Fes in the early 8th century, and Cairo in 800 AD.

Physicians who wrote on mental disorders and their treatment in the Medieval Islamic period included Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes), the Arab physician Najab ud-din Muhammad[citation needed], and Abu Ali al-Hussain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna.[6]

Specialist hospitals were built in medieval Europe from the 13th century to treat mental disorders but were utilized only as custodial institutions and did not provide any type of treatment.[7] Founded in the 13th century, Bethlem Royal Hospital in London is one of the oldest lunatic asylums.[7] By 1547 the City of London acquired the hospital and continued its function until 1948.[8] It is now part of the National Health Service and is an NHS Foundation Trust.

Many consider Philippe Pinel to be the father of modern psychiatry.

Early modern period

In 1656, Louis XIV of France created a public system of hospitals for those suffering from mental disorders, but as in England, no real treatment was applied.[8] In 1713 the Bethel Hospital Norwich was opened, the first purpose built asylum in England, founded by Mary Chapman [1] . In 1758 English physician William Battie wrote his Treatise on Madness which called for treatments to be utilized in asylums.[9] Thirty years later, then ruling monarch in England George III was known to be suffering from a mental disorder.[5] Following the Kings remission in 1789, mental illness was seen as something which could be treated and cured.

تصاویری از چند صفحه نخست فایل :

توجه فرمایید بدلیل تهیه ی تصویر با نرم افزار های خارجی متن نمایش داده شده در تصاویر ممکن است دارای اشکالاتی در نمایش برخی حروف باشد که در فایل اصلی بدون مشکل است